the Omani Royal Decree No. 81/98 on Regulating Maritime Navigation in Territorial Waters (issued November 9, 1981). It provides a comprehensive legal framework for managing Oman’s ports, ships, and maritime activities within its territorial waters. The law is divided into eight chapters: (1) general provisions, (2) establishment, administration, and use of ports, (3) requirements for operating ships, (4) navigation rules and systems, (5) competency certificates for crew, (6) fees and exemptions, (7) investigation of maritime accidents, and (8) handling of maritime disasters and wrecks. It defines the responsibilities of the Ministry of Transport in supervising, licensing, and regulating maritime operations, ensuring safety, investigating accidents, and managing wrecks or abandoned ships. Overall, the decree secures safe and orderly navigation, port management, and protection of Oman’s maritime environment and infrastructure.